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Functional Characterization of Type-B Response Regulators in the Arabidopsis Cytokinin Response1[W][OA]Kristine Hill two, Dennis E. Mathews, Hyo Jung Kim, Ian H. Street, Sarah L. Wildes, Yi-Hsuan Chiang, Michael G. Mason 3, Jose M. Alonso four, Joseph R. Ecker, Joseph J. Kieber, and G. Eric Schaller* Division of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755 (K.H., H.J.K., I.H.S., S.L.W., Y.-H.C., M.G.M., G.E.S.); Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Biomedical Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire 03824 (D.E.M.); Plant Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037 (J.M.A., J.R.E.); and Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 (J.J.K.)Cytokinins play important roles in plant growth and development, with the transcriptional response to cytokinin getting mediated by the type-B response regulators. In Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), type-B response regulators (ARABIDOPSIS RESPONSE REGULATORS [ARRs]) form three subfamilies determined by phylogenic analysis, with subfamily 1 getting seven members and subfamilies 2 and three every having two members.Price of N-(2-Hydroxyethyl)methacrylamide Cytokinin responses are predominantly mediated by subfamily 1 members, with cytokinin-mediated effects on root growth and root meristem size correlating with type-B ARR expression levels.194924-95-3 uses To establish which type-B ARRs can functionally substitute for the subfamily 1 members ARR1 or ARR12, we expressed unique type-B ARRs in the ARR1 promoter and assayed their ability to rescue arr1 arr12 double mutant phenotypes.PMID:24456950 ARR1, also as a subset of other subfamily 1 type-B ARRs, restore the cytokinin sensitivity to arr1 arr12. Expression of ARR10 from the ARR1 promoter final results in cytokinin hypersensitivity and enhances shoot regeneration from callus tissue, correlating with enhanced stability with the ARR10 protein compared using the ARR1 protein. Examination of transfer DNA insertion mutants in subfamilies two and 3 revealed little impact on a number of well-characterized cytokinin responses. Nevertheless, a member of subfamily two, ARR21, restores cytokinin sensitivity to arr1 arr12 roots when expressed from the ARR1 promoter, indicating functional conservation of this divergent family member. Our results indicate that the type-B ARRs have diverged in function, such that some, but not all, can complement the arr1 arr12 mutant. Additionally, our resu.